Table of Content

25 June 2023, Volume 43 Issue 3

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Research on Quantum Metrology for Wideband Microwave Electric Field

CHENG Yong-jie, JIN Gang, HAN Bin-bin, PENG Bo, HUANG Cheng-zu, LIU Xing-xun, QI Wan-quan

2023, 43(3):  1-4.  doi:10.12060/j.issn.1000-7202.2023.03.01

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As the seven basic units of the SI system have been defined by the basic physical constants, the measurement has entered the era of quantization. Relying on the stability and reproducibility of Rydberg atom, The microwave electric field measurement technology can realize high sensitivity and low uncertainty. It can be directly trace the microwave electric field to the frequency unit. We adopts AT-splitting measurement technique and superheterodyne measurement technique to realize the measurement of microwave electric field with the microwave frequency range of （1~40） GHz and the field strength range of 0.5 mV/m~10 V/m by use cesium atom vapor cell. This work will impact diverse areas like metrology, radar, terahertz communication and electromagnetic signal monitoring.

Atom-based Vector Microwave Electrometry via Electromagnetic Induction Transparency and Autler-Townes Splitting in Cold Rydberg Atoms

LIU Xiu-bin, JIA Feng-dong, ZHOU Fei, YU Yong-hong, ZHANG Jian, XIE Feng, ZHONG Zhi-ping

2023, 43(3):  5-10.  doi:10.12060/j.issn.1000-7202.2023.03.02

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Utilizing the advantages of low temperature of cold atoms, narrow spectral peaks of Rydberg Electromagnetic Induction Transparency (EIT), and clear atomic quantum states. The polarization of the microwave can be measured directly through spectral intervals in cold atomic samples based on Rydberg EIT and Autler-Townes (AT) splitting. The results show that the splitting interval of the Rydberg EIT-AT varies monotonously with the polarization of the microwave electric field and is proportional to the projection of the polarization of the microwave electric field on the polarization direction of the probe laser. The resolution is 3.2 °. Compared with the traditional method of using EIT resonance to detect the change of light transmittance in the hot atom vapor cell, the method based on cold atom EIT-AT splitting interval has the advantages of more direct, accurate and simple analysis. This work is of great significance to the absolute measurement of microwave polarization and the calibration of electric field strength.

The Radar Development Trends based on Advanced Quantum Measurement Technology

BAI Wen-hao, WU Ji, DU Yu, YANG Jian

2023, 43(3):  11-15.  doi:10.12060/j.issn.1000-7202.2023.03.03

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The traditional radar scheme is based on electromagnetic wave signal transmission theory,target location and other parameters measurement are realized by detecting the electromagnetic wave echo signal reflected by objects in space.The quantum radar under the framework of quantum technology has more obvious advantages in improving radar accuracy,response speed,anti-jamming and anti-stealth compared with the traditional radar.The principle,development and application of quantum technology in radar are introduced in this paper,and three kinds of quantum radars based on advanced quantum measurement technology in china are introduced emphatically.By expounding the case and analyzing its principle,which provides a new idea for the further development of quantum radar in the future.

Research on Two-stage SQUID Amplifier for Signal Readout of Metallic Magnetic Calorimeter

LI Tai-yu, ZHENG Yi-ning, XU Yuan-xing, CHEN Ying-yu, TANG Li-hong, ZHAO Yue, WANG Chao-qun, XIE Hang-xing, GAO Bo, WANG Zhen

2023, 43(3):  16-20.  doi:10.12060/j.issn.1000-7202.2023.03.04

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Metallic Magnetic Calorimeter (MMC) is a low-temperature photon detector with high energy resolution.The heat generated by photon absorption induces a rapid change of the magnetization of a metallic paramagnetic film.Precise measurements of the magnetization signal provides an accurate way to deduce the photon energy.the readout of MMC relies on low noise current amplifiers based on Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUID).The research report a two-stage SQUID amplifier circuit for MMC.The first stage SQUID adopts a 2^nd order gradiometer design,which makes the amplifier less sensitive to the environmental noise.At liquid helium temperature,the circuit working in the flux-locked-loop mode achieved a transimpedance gain of 27 400 V/A,and a white noise floor of 11.5 pA/Hz^1/2.

Research on Quantum DC Nanovolt Voltage Standard based on Programable Josephson Voltage Standard

ZHU Zhu, KANG Yan, ZHANG Li-dan, HU Yi-fei

2023, 43(3):  21-25.  doi:10.12060/j.issn.1000-7202.2023.03.05

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This paper introduces the quantum DC nanovoltage standard.It includes basic principle,composition of the standard,implementation plan,and measurement dada.the quantum DC nanovoltage standard is based on AC Josephson effect.It utilizes differential principle which is based on programmable Josephson DC voltage standard to generate nanovoltage.The paper proposed a basic plan and an improved design plan,further enhancing the performance of the standard.The quantum DC nanovoltage standard is able to provide high precision quantum DC nanovoltage signals,which not only provides a new means for precise measurement of DC voltage,but also solves the problem of nanovoltage traceability.

A Review of Quantum Enhanced Optical Metrology

WANG Man, WANG Hui-lin, LI Hao, MENG He-min, MA Yun-kai, GAO Ze-dong, WANG Lv, WANG Xi-cheng, CHENG Hong-liang

2023, 43(3):  26-33.  doi:10.12060/j.issn.1000-7202.2023.03.06

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Quantum technology gives scientists the ability to manipulate photons directly,making measurements far more accurate than traditional systems of light radiation.But what is the limit to the accuracy of this measurement? Can more accurate measurements be achieved? In order to solve the above problems,this paper starts from the quantum measurement theory,summarizes the exploration of the uncertainty limit of quantum measurement in recent years,and gives a concise description of the specific technology and methods involved.This paper also reviews the basic tools and techniques of quantum optics related to metrology,describes the main protocols and strategies for achieving quantum-enhanced optical measurement,and summarizes the main experimental results and breakthroughs in this field.Finally,in order to promote the quantum optical metrology technology,the future development direction of the instrument field is discussed.

Research Progress on Calibration Technology of Single Photon Detectors

LIU Chang-ming, ZHANG Peng-ju, LIN Yong-jie, SHEN Rong-ren, LIU Hong-bo, SHI Xue-shun, ZHUANG Xin-gang, WU Bin

2023, 43(3):  34-39.  doi:10.12060/j.issn.1000-7202.2023.03.07

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With the rapid development of quantum information technology,single photon detectors,as core devices in fields such as quantum secure communication,have been one of the research hotspots.In recent years,the performance of single photon detectors has greatly improved with the development of various new technologies.At the same time,the research on testing and calibration techniques of single photon detectors has also received attention,especially the new calibration technology based on quantum physical effects,which have received attention from various metrological institutions.A brief introduction is given to the working mechanism of single photon detectors and the research progress of calibration technology of single photon detectors at home and abroad.The current status of detection efficiency calibration based on standard detectors and correlated photon pairs,as well as calibration technology for after-pulse probability and time jitter,is summarized.This can provide reference for researchers in related fields and put forward prospects for the future development of technology.

Measurement Uncertainty Analysis of Spectral Irradiance of Self-calibration Spectral Irradiance Meter

LI Jian-jun, HU You-bo, DING Lei, ZHAI Wen-chao, XIA Mao-peng, ZHENG Xiao-bing

2023, 43(3):  40-46.  doi:10.12060/j.issn.1000-7202.2023.03.08

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Based on the principle of spontaneous parametric down conversion,a wide band correlated photon source is generated.Combined with traditional spectral irradiance measurement instruments,a new spectral irradiance measurement method based on correlated photons self-calibration is proposed.The spectral irradiance measurement principle and experimental system were introduced,and a study on the transfer chain of “channel quantum efficiency→spectral photon number rate→spectral power responsivity→spectral irradiance” was carried out.A radiation measurement model based on correlated photons self-calibration was established,and the uncertainty of spectral irradiance measurement was analyzed detailedly.Using a 488 nm laser beam passing through a collimated light source of an integrating sphere and collimator as the irradiance source,a comparative experiment between a correlated photon self-calibration spectral irradiance meter and a standard irradiance meter was conducted,and the preliminary verification showed that the consistency of the two measurement methods was better than 4.2 %.

Research on Measurement and Calibration of a High Frequency Stable Weak Laser Quantum Source

ZHOU Zhi-gang, WANG Jia-peng, DU Ji-dong, BAI Yan-lin, GAO Zhen-wei, YANG Hai-sheng

2023, 43(3):  47-50.  doi:10.12060/j.issn.1000-7202.2023.03.09

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Lidar detection system requires a stable single photon source as a calibration light source.The wavelength and power of the light source is quantifiable and raceable,and the weak quantum signal is generated to achieve the detection uncertainty analysis of the detection system as well as the performance evaluation of the receiving and detection system.In response to the demand,a highly stable laser quantum source with stable output wavelength and average photon number tunable from 10¹¹ s^-1 to 10³ s^-1 is designed and developed,and the related measurement and calibration work is carried out.The output wavelength of the weak signal light is stable at 532.269 nm.The power covers from 79.3 nW to 0.34 fW.The average photon number covers from 10¹¹ s^-1 magnitude to 10³ s^-1 magnitude.The stability at 10⁵ s^-1 magnitude is better than 0.6 %,which can meet the application requirements of detection uncertainty analysis and performance evaluation of LIDAR system.

Application Prospects in the Quantum Field of Quantum Dots

ZHANG Yu, ZHONG Wen-xu, LIU Xia, WANG Wei, ZHANG Jun-ying, LIN Shuai

2023, 43(3):  51-55.  doi:10.12060/j.issn.1000-7202.2023.03.10

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Quantum Dots (QDs) are a new type of semiconductor nanocrystals.As an emerging photoelectric active material,they can realize photoelectric conversion,with some characteristics such as high brightness,large Stoke shift,wide absorption spectrum,high molar extinction coefficient,high quantum yield,good optical stability and long fluorescence lifetime.At the same time,the initial concept of quantum dot and its successful preparation provide some help to the cognition of quantum limited effect.The size of quantum dots is in the range of nanometers,with size confinement produces quantum confinement effect,macroscopic quantum tunnel effect,size effect,and surface effect,which makes them have unique properties.With the continuous in-depth study of quantum dots,their applications in the fields of non-linear optics,magnetic media,catalysis,medicine,functional materials,life sciences and information technology are gradually developed,and their research in the application fields of quantum key distribution,quantum metrology and quantum information processing is also gradually on the agenda.

Thermometry based on Nitrogen-vacancy Centers in Diamonds

DONG Xian-qi, LIU Yan, YANG Ren-fu

2023, 43(3):  56-60.  doi:10.12060/j.issn.1000-7202.2023.03.11

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In recent years, the rapid development of quantum information science has promoted the research of various quantum sensing technologies and produced many important results, which has had an important impact in the field of precision measurement. The sensing technology based on solid-state diamond NV color center electronic spin detection can be traced back to the basic quantum physical principles, and has important research value in the measurement standards of various sensing fields such as magnetic field, electric field, temperature, and pressure. The excellent properties of diamond NV color centers make reliable, stable and high-precision sensing applications possible in harsh environments. Taking its application in the field of temperature measurement as an example, this paper focuses on the development of NV color center spin detection principles and methods in the past ten years, and discusses the important research significance of solid-state quantum temperature measurement in combination with the latest research results.

Development of (75~325) GHz Millimeter-wave Calorimeter Absorption Load

CHEN Zhao-ling, CHENG Chun-yue, LIU Yu-xuan

2023, 43(3):  61-65.  doi:10.12060/j.issn.1000-7202.2023.03.12

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Power is one of the most basic parameters of microwave and millimeter wave measurement,and its measurement results have important reference value for research and applications in radar,communication,remote sensing and other fields.For the calorimetric power metering standards in the frequency bands of (50~75) GHz,(75~110) GHz,(110~170) GHz, etc.Traditional absorbing loads can use wedge-shaped absorbing loads embedded with micro surface mount resistors as microwave DC power replacement devices.There are two problems with this kind of load:first,it is difficult to process,and it is difficult to continue to expand the frequency band upward;second,because the traditional millimeter-wave absorbing materials show non-magnetic characteristics in the frequency band above 70 GHz,the absorbing ability is remarkable decline.Based on the above background,this paper has carried out the research on the waveguide load in the form of straight waveguide from 75 GHz to 325 GHz, including the research and development of the ultra-wideband matching load in the form of multi-layer bulk doped bonded silicon wafers.The combination of multi-layer bulk doped silicon wafers achieves broadband and low reflection characteristics.The typical value of the measured standing wave of the absorbing load in the three frequency bands of (75~110) GHz, (140~220) GHz and (220~325) GHz is below 1.12.

Research on Automatic Calibration Software for Various Types S Parameter of Microwave Devices based on Network Analyzer

ZHANG Ping, MAO Li-yong, MA Yi-wei, ZHENG Han-zhi

2023, 43(3):  66-71.  doi:10.12060/j.issn.1000-7202.2023.03.13

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With the aim to achieve efficient measurement and reduce the complexity of measurement parameter settings caused by various types of devices under test, this paper designs the S-parameter automatic calibration software with multi-thread and modular structure of C# by analyzing the working principle and performance characteristics of the microwave network S-parameter measurement system. The S-parameter automatic calibration software establishes the database in various types of devices under test, the parameter of standard parts and the test flow of the S-parameter measurement system. The software also establishes the measurement uncertainty model of the measured parameter. The reflection parameter and transmission parameter can be tested by using vector network analyzer with automatic calibration software. It can be found that the test results of automatic calibration software are in high consistency with those of manual test through experiments.

Super-resolution Identification of Optical Path Difference of Fiber-optic White Light Interferometer

HOU Cheng-cheng, ZHENG Guang-jin, SHANG Fu-zhou, GAO Ye-sheng

2023, 43(3):  72-77.  doi:10.12060/j.issn.1000-7202.2023.03.14

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A numerical method of processing data obtained by the fiber-optic white light interferometer to identify Optical Path Difference (OPD) super-resolution is presented.Signal will be overlapped when the OPD is less than the coherence length (50 μm),and the shape of the signal is changed and cannot be recognized.Firstly,we theoretically analyzed the relationship between OPD and the size of signal area to be measured.Next,we can calculate the real OPD according to the size of signal area.Finally,the experiment results demonstrate that we can identify OPD of 15 μm and we prove the possibility of obtaining OPD with a resolution exceeding the coherence length of light source by 3 times.We believe this paper is benefit to absolute measurement of OPD.

Simulation Analysis of UAV-assisted Wireless Communication System

XIE Hai-bo, QIU Chun-rong, TANG Jin-peng

2023, 43(3):  78-84.  doi:10.12060/j.issn.1000-7202.2023.03.15

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The deployment of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as a mobile relay is an emerging technique in cooperative wireless communication system.In this paper,we analyze the performance of UAV assisted full,half duplex cooperative communication in a dual hop relaying scenario,which consists of a base station,UAV as relay and a user.We derived the closed form expressions for outage probability,throughput.Then,we also presented the impact of loop back self-interference on system performance in FD systems.Performance analysis shows that,outage probability is reduced by using the selective merging technique.In addition,if we employ interference cancellation at the UAV,the outage probability is reduced.

Research on MCU Direct Generation Method of High Accuracy Signal Waveform

CHEN Yan-pu, LIU Han, GUO Bo, SHI Li-Chun

2023, 43(3):  85-90.  doi:10.12060/j.issn.1000-7202.2023.03.16

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Aiming at the weakness that Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) technology is not suitable for the direct realization of MCU, an integer-period repetition method for waveform signal generation is proposed. By using a MCU embedded with on-chip peripherals such as Direct Memory Access controller (DMA) and Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC), this method can directly generate preset waveform signal without introducing ASIC chips, and the signal generation process does not occupy CPU time of MCU at all. The integer-period repetition method of generating waveform signal is analyzed theoretically, the formula of generating signal frequency and maximum relative frequency deviation is derived, and the algorithm implementation flow is given. STM32 MCU is used to test the sine signal generated by the integer-period repetition method. The experiment shows that the frequency accuracy of the generated signal is high, and the waveform is stable and of good quality.

Suppression of Near-far in CO-BAND Positioning System on Pulse Modulation

ZHANG Chang-liang, WU Hua-bing, WU Jian-feng

2023, 43(3):  91-96.  doi:10.12060/j.issn.1000-7202.2023.03.17

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In the CO-BAND Positioning System, due to the far-near effect, the strong near-field positioning signal may suppress the far-field weak positioning signal, resulting in the far-field signal not being captured and thus affecting the positioning accuracy of the system. To address the problem of far-near effect in this system, the article adopts pulse modulation method to suppress it. Firstly, the causes of the far-near effects are analyzed; secondly, the key parameters of pulse modulation, duty cycle and pulse pattern design, are studied in depth, and a pulse modulation scheme applicable to the system is designed; finally, the performance of the designed pulse modulation scheme is analyzed from both theoretical and simulation aspects. The simulation results show that after pulse modulation, the probability of capturing weak signals affected by the near-far effects is greatly improved; meanwhile, the use of pulse modulation technique can effectively improve the weak signal capture performance when the power ratio of strong and weak signals is 40dB or less.

Research on Power Data Analysis based on Deep Learning

LIU Wei, ZHANG Bo, LIANG Ming-yuan

2023, 43(3):  97-102.  doi:10.12060/j.issn.1000-7202.2023.03.18

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Aiming at the problems of poor classification accuracy of electrical appliances caused by the limited scope of application and complex model of traditional power data analysis methods,a power data analysis model based on multi-layer stacked Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network is proposed.Firstly,the features of power data are extracted from the spectrum diagram,Mel Frequency Cepstrum Coefficient (MFCC) and Mel spectrum diagram of power data,and then applied to the deep learning model to improve the performance of classification tasks,so as to improve the over fitting problem.Secondly,a multi-layer stacked LSTM model is established to effectively improve the classification and regression ability of the model.Finally,an improved soft coding and multi-scale training method is proposed to prevent the peak probability distribution and improve the generalization ability of the model.In the experimental stage,the proposed model is verified by taking the household power data set as an example.The simulation results show that the soft coding and multi-scale training of the proposed model have a certain effect on accelerating the training effect,and the final classification accuracy reaches 89.85 %.